Search This Blog

Diebetes mellitus








What is Diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels, that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes (as it will be in this article) was first identified as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine.
Normally, blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates (for example, after eating food), insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose level. In patients with diabetes, the absence or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition, meaning that although it can be controlled, it lasts a lifetime.

What is the impact of diabetes?
Over time, diabetes can lead to blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage. These types of damage are the result of damage to small vessels, referred to as microvascular disease. Diabetes is also an important factor in accelerating the hardening and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), leading to strokes,coronary heart disease, and other large blood vessel diseases. This is referred to as macrovascular disease. Diabetes affects approximately 17 million people (about 8% of the population) in the United States. In addition, an estimated additional 12 million people in the United States have diabetes and don't even know it.
From an economic perspective, the total annual cost of diabetes in 1997 was estimated to be 98 billion dollars in the United States. The per capita cost resulting from diabetes in 1997 amounted to $10,071.00; while healthcare costs for people without diabetes incurred a per capita cost of $2,699.00. During this same year, 13.9 million days of hospital stay were attributed to diabetes, while 30.3 million physician office visits were diabetes related. Remember, these numbers reflect only the population in the United States. Globally, the statistics are staggering.
Diabetes is the third leading cause of death in the United States after heart disease and cancer.









TYPES OF DIEBETES MELLITUS!







Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes, T1D, T1DM, IDDM, juvenile diabetes) is a form of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Lack of insulin causes an increase of fasting blood glucose (around 70-120 mg/dL in nondiabetic people) that begins to appear in the urine above the renal threshold (about 190-200 mg/dl in most people), thus connecting to the symptom by which the disease was identified in antiquity, sweet urine. Glycosuria or glucose in the urine causes the patients to urinate more frequently, and drink more than normal (polydipsia). Classically, these were the characteristic symptoms which prompted discovery of the disease.
Type 1 is lethal unless treated with exogenous insulin. Injection is the traditional and still most common method for administering insulin; jet injection, indwelling catheters, and inhaled insulin has also been available at various times, and there are several experimental methods as well. All replace the missing hormone formerly produced by the now non-functional beta cells in the pancreas. In recent years, pancreas transplants have also been used to treat type 1 diabetes. Islet cell transplant is also being investigated and has been achieved in mice and rats, and in experimental trials in humans as well.Use of stem cells to produce a new population of functioning beta cells seems to be a future possibility, but has yet to be demonstrated even in laboratories as of 2008.
Type 1 diabetes (formerly known as "childhood", "juvenile" or "insulin-dependent" diabetes) is not exclusively a childhood problem; the adult incidence of type 1 is noteworthy—many adults who contract type 1 diabetes are misdiagnosed with type 2 due to confusion on this point.
There is currently no clinically useful preventive measure against developing type 1 diabetes, though a vaccine has been proposed and anti-antibody approaches are also being tested. Most people who develop type 1 were otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight on onset, but they can lose weight quickly and dangerously, if not promptly diagnosed. Although the cause of type 1 diabetes is still not fully understood, the immune system damage is characteristic of type 1.
The most definite laboratory test to distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetes is the C-peptide assay, which is a measure of endogenous insulin production since external insulin has not (to date) included C-peptide. The presence of anti-islet antibodies (to Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase, Insulinoma Associated Peptide-2 or insulin), or lack of insulin resistance, determined by a glucose tolerance test, would also be suggestive of type 1. Many type 2 diabetics continue to produce insulin internally, and all have some degree of insulin resistance.
Testing for GAD 65 antibodies has been proposed as an improved test for differentiating between type 1 and type 2 diabetes as it appears that the immune system malfunction is connected with their presence. Further, injections with GAD65 has in clinical trials delayed the destruction of beta cells for at least 30 months, without serious adverse effects. Patients treated with the substance showed higher levels of regulatory cytokines, thought to protect the beta cells. Phase III trials are under way in the USA and in Europe, with most sites actively pursuing participants.




Diabetes mellitus type 2 or type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), or adult-onset diabetes) is a disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.While it is often initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification, medications are typically needed as the disease progresses. There are an estimated 23.6 million people in the U.S. (7.8% of the population) with diabetes with 17.9 million being diagnosed, 90% of whom are type 2. With prevalence rates doubling between 1990 and 2005, CDC has characterized the increase as an epidemic.
Traditionally considered a disease of adults, type 2 diabetes is increasingly diagnosed in children in parallel to rising obesity rates due to alterations in dietary patterns as well as in life styles during childhood.[citation needed]
Unlike type 1 diabetes, there is little tendency toward ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetes, though it is not unknown.[citation needed] One effect that can occur is nonketonic hyperglycemia which also is quite dangerous, though it must be treated very differently. Complex and multifactorial metabolic changes very often lead to damage and function impairment of many organs, most importantly the cardiovascular system in both types. This leads to substantially increased morbidity and mortality in both type 1 and type 2 patients, but the two have quite different origins and treatments despite the similarity in complications.[citation needed]


Special regards by

Dr.M M ADNAN
contact id:adnan_dani12@yahoo.com

6 comments:

  1. Interesting comment about diabetes and I want to know about a solution to control this disease and my friends want to Buy Viagra because they can't have an erection.

    ReplyDelete


  2. mbbs in Philippines
    Every year, almost 8000 foreign students take admission in Philippines Medical universities and out of which around 50% are Indian students. The standard of education in Philippines universities is well known around the world. Thousands of doctors from these medical universities are sent to various countries like USA and UK every year. There are around 2299 higher educational institutions and 40 medical colleges. The main benefits of pursuing MD degree from

    Top Medical Colleges in Philippines :

    EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
    UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
    LYCEUM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
    DAVAO MEDICAL SCHOOL FOUNDATION
    SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

    Top Searched Topics on MBBS in Philippines


    study mbbs in philippines
    philippines medical colleges list
    best medical colleges in philippines for indian students
    philippines medical colleges
    best medical colleges in philippines
    mci approved medical colleges in philippines

    for more information contact us : +91 90329 55688

    ReplyDelete

  3. I recently found many useful information in your website especially this blog page. Among the lots of comments on your articles. Thanks for sharing. Bonefort supplement

    ReplyDelete
  4. About Lyceum North western University ( LNU ) is Founded in 1969 and is located in Dagupan City. Dagupan is an independent city in Pangasinan province with a small population of about 180,000 inhabitants and is located in the Island of Luzon.

    It is a major commercial and Financial Centre in the North of Philippines and is a very quiet and lush green city with an excellent average temperature between 22 to 32 deg C round the year. It provides an excellent academic

    Environment the students. Dagupan has 12 hospitals with the largest one having more than 600 bed space.

    ReplyDelete
  5. Emilio Aguinaldo College Of Medicine is best medical college in Philippines.
    Best Option to Study mbbs in EAC for Indian Students
    Emilio Aguinaldo College (EAC) was founded in 1951 under the name of Marian School of Midwifery. The Emilio Aguinaldo College of Medicine was established on July 23, 2001, and it has two campuses in Manila city and greater Manila. It is approved by the Commission of Higher Education (CHED) Philippines.

    University of Perpetual Help System Dalta Top Medical College in Philippines
    University of Perpetual Help System Dalta (UPHSD), is a co-education Institution of higher learning located in Las Pinas City, Metro Manila, Philippines. founded in 1975 by Dr. (Brigadier) Antonio Tamayo, Dr. Daisy Tamayo, and Ernesto Crisostomo as Perpetual Help College of Rizal (PHCR). Las Pinas near Metro Manila is the main campus. It has nine campuses offering over 70 courses in 20 colleges.


    The Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc. (DMSFI) was established in July 1976 in response to the recognition of the lack of doctors serving rural communities and lack of specialist in urban centers of Mindanao. Its College of Medicine was thus the first such college to be set up in Mindanao and is dedicated to providing medical education and training of the highest order, leading to the provision of effective medical care in both rural and urban communities.


    ReplyDelete
  6. Southwestern University Philippines is a prestigious and prominent medical university greatly contributing to the society as a school for driven learners and game-changers. Established in 1946, it creates an inclusive and supportive environment that provides vibrant moments exploring excellent opportunities, developing leadership, and demonstrating strong service by strengthening and reinforcing great learning attitudes among all its students. Southwestern University is a jewel among the outstanding medical institutes of Asia ranked top in-country and the entire world.

    Philippines MBBS / MD course is valid all over the world and the country follows a US-based education system. Indians follow a UK based education system where 10+2 is the eligibility to enroll in medical courses. +2/ Intermediate should be with Biology, Physics, and Chemistry subjects and 5.5 years of MBBS course including final year internship. In the Philippines, as they follow US standards after their 10th they study 4 years of Pre-Medicine course and 4 years of Doctor of Medicine, including internship which is equivalent to Indian MBBS and recognized by WHO, NMC, ECFMG, and other global agencies.

    ReplyDelete