Axial Bones
Composition :
vertebrae(24)
sacrum (1)
coccyx(1)
sternum(1)
ribs(24)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_35Z9ILYaYT31wPV6zGHc1vadNvtEYyQviWM4vBcs_ZZrxBP1xA6FL9PzZ1ynKmJl9uJaY_FLqmifu1DymhRQYY7yi39AZCcGhMzd2naiQq_MYX7vCJqP_1TLR3sgjMDCwcMmFVtEY-kh/s320/Trunk.png)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8DPUdIlWXx2DT4UUiJ3RlO5TQ-Cy6Wua1mSU0Djt2J7fRgFmbKazkGUnmTYQLAB_z_1ieeDv_S1NlZyKgIuYeNCGvHIHcd-pKQHGa90_Yg710y2IjZdfrVm54MfkXztGwp7zh8EAN0x2q/s320/Vertebrae.png)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd3fckSQzcWH2YMbqYkKd_A6lqyoag3x_icewlaVQCEn26SC7l6sGpv0mdSs1YcXQ0Zan9pudc5W1DofqLwZTiyo3JiFyI3JDwXHNgtI85apVOpCJjPSqOjQ6BUAiwLLJj0zol_FTeTDRB/s320/intervertebral+foramen.png)
Cervical vertebra :
a.the body: small
b. transverse foramen
c. spinous processes :
short and bifid (except 1,7 cervical vertebrae)
d. vertebral foramen : triangular and relatively large
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjubkgpOZ8Ocx2MS3g7ifOlIBp-gRCjjXw6omEocS_wzKE_m-7n4wVbE8DLfaLgW8h1GGcKm2iQcRCt02vE010SYX5ZDZa6hV7v4GxvT89I5KJ8kBVVYtqScl6rSQ4EKvOFc-gAJzZDYh2_/s320/Cervical+Vertebra.png)
the first cervical vertebra.
It looks like an irregular ring .
anterior arch ⑴
posterior arch ⑵
lateral mass
dental fovea ⑶
groove for vertebral artery⑷
Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirAayc60wxgya40pKsj2QsspWAzJS4y3SMb9huPAjJH7KuzVozWE6YfvVNLGhj4G1-zH8xGSLLUSi9mAA1eFaiXZxbIsZIbffQwuUjOXbRC_86b4_3nUGf7p9RDKZhy6P2eYUAfBGy2RXY/s320/Atlas.png)
Axis:
the second cervical vertebra.
dontoid process .
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0-EucNIGI1lk1UsPGVhlxZh2mOcSvekZvMlwSuQSRlyDSGTc2R3Ya6-VMbTd66Of6vqchb4ptLoPTvKy9rs2Ahu7f7ctkFdqQEkLFd1gDmhIlFfsvFpkuGPAlNGXeoRqM0BSTrJQYCLGW/s320/Axis.png)
Vertebra prominens:
the seventh cervical vertebra.
long and nonbifid
apinous process.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2XHwf1OTkxemsknmThP8sSVL7XFLVwiCtGitfZJmT60QIRPflpyMm-DFEPv0QPlh_AX2rRie0NSG0sf_3f9pXRH0_VKaClt6PM-heV-DoEdqHy_H7WAO8Yj6ZDts6nL_elrslN5Sc7tcT/s320/Vertebra+prominens.png)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghywvNHj6myNu0MPV5TluRf8bAaR9O9j9vcSfa7hTH5NXr2H6HJ_ESakcd1BwKdms6zGP9p8ndvrpe9wD2sEQu6dkQQeVitEyb0WjC_hvbyF7PQHsE-FR6OGvzW92nYPiK0Zv5GB_JL223/s320/Cervical+Vertebra++1.png)
Thoracic vertebrae:
superior costal foveae ⑴
inferior costal foveae ⑵
transverse costal fovea ⑶
The spinous processes are long, thin and posterodownward sloping.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrTfNyLkuGnqXRbAfkKDpo15hJC01Ov7KWSOvemFNckEiSGHdgg7xDVdJS8L99tYsMEYb4ItMXuQXWvcypNE6IyahpvUnALmsy9-ocHpJ2qVZPbqCKoIABAzX-sF60gv4aRoeKNBi-xEHv/s320/Thoracic+vertebrae+1.png)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHla29m7vyIlDzglHKqGHRsncnWT8bEHYD_WFz9B4rqamJa55M0UIT0pOhl-GucZhud8HN26bMkjkJ9vxjtkzxybVpRIyne5zbu9giseRtDoYvvGAhGCVNL9LCOIwgzq85dJhxpviD0vAq/s320/Thoracic+vertebrae.png)
Lumbar vertebrae :
large, thick bodies
The spinous processes are heavy, rectangular and strong, with posterior directions
The vertebral foramen is triangular, but larger than that in the thoracic region.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS9CvphYazg4nYeeW4N9onuR-ft-rDbP4t55Yvr5C-VP2bTOEYbgZ_YwojdDorPdp1fAQIUbZUTSpgV-peRY5t5QMExQTKXv_ajGHqj0RUtvoRkHCHWdLOL_lYvuz5wSskWCQn5Hs_Jplf/s320/lumbar+vertebrae+1.png)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG8pEeYBkaoytY7EdjGLOBLMKMdDWKkinnhAltuV1e6Lq6JEZOyL7S7xRCQUHtXxGeLSNspL3x1ez6MFf6tQEB92OZJJInrDeJFW03NhojK1nAUgbnCJB9NapB9c-9yMYUcLOtLuO-SL15/s320/lumbar+vertebrae.png)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCjgtm3r6boHyUnfT2OWXDnKaFu4ZmKcbPAyj3a4X58EzvoQ-XeXmtIhMuasqACf8zcVKZ-YCOV2vxAOow5BSCCtS0v6Gbo5pjkDLrV5R0sQD3MLTo2DbG6hQjXV2GkoRSPIShoH4ZMvXj/s320/lumbar+vertebrae+2.png)
Sacrum and Coccyx :
sacral promontory ⑴
anterior sacral foramina ⑵
posterior sacral foramina ⑶
sacral canal ⑷
superior articular processes⑸
sacral hiatus ⑹
transverse lines ⑺
The coccyx is composed of 4-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae after the age of 30 years. ⑻
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKDanRMgEf7MxwHW-w7QbhXows5M0MSDA-458ChbDyuPiofD4oCuIlmYx6syXWRbztvsQvpQa13HH8ZZKlTvaIZqhYgKVI_kau3GXGqz1Yv4Oef1U0ggfbmqLjUoBm3SuPjgciCXEkArDj/s320/Sacrum.png)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGgL7NnHMUe-qcGV4WEksResDgHKPE5HPiC-BjIsBjnIUXYtwk_hE0nykyOUQkDHXgNxbVnv6SbUk1NyOQet7-o3Y6mpthtPun4VlxqI5I65WusLV3h7l-Hns-lFQEHelO-gHwg6t2-Sy3/s320/Coccyx.png)
Sternum :
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcpJnn33Q17amFHi3huNi9Seyf4VmrBWnqQkMmpiIQltoNg_L7R-Q_nrz4_lqakITFvkgLL-4ucZhK2T1_EOzKfKNeri9TU3LOQUbwIxclcyKPDhcifCaolsrPWbPktHr-87Ve06cYa_aW/s320/Sternum.png)
True ribs : the upper 7 ribs, reach to the sternum anteriorly. (1-7)
False ribs: the lower 5 ribs, fail to reach the sternum. (8-12)
Costal arch ------the 8-10th ribs join the costal cartilage immediately
above to form the costal arch.
Floating ribs------the cartilage of the last two ribs are free.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2n3jvM7yqrrbSCHg6K5ucilndzV7axyCp7cqrkxB4tzNDqXKHMGYNap8LGhGeuQq210rq0QMx_DgPaE6h23tgH4MCnOwSaZ7fXuacP9rwCTU8yju22-WJyyE-OE4IWMcnCYyT89-8bVMS/s320/Ribs.png)
General features of costal bone :
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie37UVPY9EomsmXBiwhu-Ae9qv1Y17BaV1hfOFRempp-YlsU9c4_Jwl3AgKo7vGyjf128GTCE3cKvXXxMtCGuJIjooUuAGOSitRkg7pwJS07FchcSDk6m_v58QNrskGz_j5ZmT3oBiYTkd/s320/costal+bone+1.png)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxU-72O4pcj5dGsdWAxyFn57_w7b-fXNwQMIku_6NvammWPSz1cIog6uKIRGhNTXdE8wupvrlZ8pPX1OT-ADFa6h_7CBSmaWC5aLPDEy8lrl8b-vu1L7JVcO4HkwKDL6wtRNFCQWMPDMzE/s320/costal+bone.png)
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