Abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls
compensatory overinflation is not associated with destruction of wall tissue, eg after unilateral pneumonectomy
4 types:
Centriacinar (Centrilobular) Emphysema
respiratory bronchioles are affected without involvement of terminal bronchioles and acinus
upper lobes, particularly in the apical segments
Associated with cigarette smoking
Panacinar (Panlobular) Emphysema
respiratory bronchiole to the terminal blind alveoli are involved
Common in lower lung zones
Associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency
Distal Acinar (Paraseptal) Emphysema
adjacent to areas of fibrosis, scarring, or atelectasis
Bullae formed adjacent to pleura; so also called bullous emphysema
spontaneous pneumothorax in young adults
Irregular Emphysema
healed inflammatory diseases
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